Ethical, Professional and Cultural Issues of ICT Essay

Ethical, Professional and Cultural Issues of ICT - Essay Example 2011). When coming to entertainment, it is a large part of our daily lives. People spend some time every day for the sake of entertainment. Ethics in entertainment is more based on the mediums popularity rather than the creators need to be ethical in nature. The entertainment media is constantly under the attack by the so called guardian angels of ethical standards for portraying unethical values through the media. This attack is on films, music as well as video games industry. It is an acceptable fact that what is more corrupt is easier to get accepted. Keeping this in mind, the movie industry has moved one step forward by creating the MPAA system in which questionable stuff would be rated higher so that adult people can warn their children well in advance. Now newer industries are forced to come under the scrutiny of maintaining ethical standards. The video game industry which comes under the category of interactive entertainment industry is facing stiff challenges from gurus of et hical standards. Now the video games industry is facing challenges in ethical standards maintenance, it has been constantly accused of ruining the moral standards of children in particular. However there is a good reason behind these allegations. Since the industry is relatively new, it has resorted to some lower least common denominators to sell its games. It has used scantily clad and physically impossible women and men. Moreover questionable as well as violent subject matters are also used by the industry. The industry pundits who defend these moves are relying on the fact that other types of Medias have also used such stands before. They feel that this has to be seen as a sign of times and growing popularity. However in general sense, such actions should be viewed as a loss of production ethics or part of the inevitable routine that takes on the industry every time (Ethics and Entertainment Introduction. 2000). The banning of the video game manhunt in 2007 by the BBFC in 2007 wa s an eye opener for the gaming industry which was starting to act careless with regard to ethics in the media. Most of the technicians , artists and story tellers in the gaming industry are tuning to some blood spilling and sexist unusual themes in their products on the belief that its just fun. They also have an intentional idea behind this move that only such things sell quickly. Degradation of values has swept towards different segments in the industry. Its effect has started showing to the gaming industry as well. Primarily gaming industry is concentrated on children below eighteen years. Children are the main users of its products other than any other group. To show explicit and debatable as well as questionable content in the form of games to children on the false imagination that it is only fun is a serious crime that is done towards the society. The video game manhunt 2 was banned by the British authorities because of its relentless imagery of savage killing and slaying. Man hunt video game was very popular among children because of its violence. It even prompted in a killing of a fourteen year old boy. Banning the video game was a bold step taken by the authorities for the first time in a decade. Manhunt 2 shows sustained as well as cumulative sadism which are labeled casual in the way the killings are committed in the game. Such types of entertainment are not at all acceptable because it is targeted towards children (Censors ban

Working with Communities Essay Example for Free

Working with Communities Essay Community: A common bond by which people choose to associate around. It is a very slippery idea. Sociologically it is almost meaningless. It can be based, for example, on: place, ethnicity, religious affiliation, leisure interests, work, traditions, politics, class, age. The list is almost endless. Neighbourhood: A residential area where those who live there consider it to be their locality. (Hawtin et al, 1994) The more complex answer is that it depends on the community and the issues involved. In general, a sustainable community is a geographic area and includes everything in that areahuman and nonhuman, animal, vegetable, and mineral. In some cases, political boundaries such as town, city or county limits might be most useful in delineating a community. In other cases, watersheds or other natural boundaries might be most useful. What is important is that the members of the community be involved in deciding the boundaries of their community and how to make that community a sustainable community. (Hart, 1998) Within any area, the ‘community’ is likely to be made up of many different interest groups, which will come together for a whole variety of reasons. Community groups may focus on ‘place’ – the area where they live and work; or may focus on interests, principles, issues, values or religion. Both types of group may have an interest in planning issues. Some of these groups will be well established and represented. In other cases, however, interests may not be homogeneous, for example large and small businesses. Effective involvement cannot happen without a good understanding of the make up, needs and interests of al those different groups and their capacity to engage. An inclusive approach is needed to ensure that different groups have the opportunity to participate and are not disadvantaged in the process. Identifying and understanding the needs of groups who find it difficult to engage with the planning system is essential. (Communities and Local Gover nment, 2004) The Welsh Assembly Government proposed that each local authority in Wales works collaboratively with the corresponding local health board to prepare a Health, Social Care and Well Being Strategy, the local public health director in Swansea undertook an assessment of the health and social care needs of the population living in the City and County of Swansea. Needs assessment is a method of identifying unmet health, well-being and social care needs of a population in a systematic way. It provides the information upon which decisions about tackling those unmet needs can be made. Demand is an expressed need. Separating a want from a need is not a simple task since many people may want things they do not need. (National Health Service, 2003) Needs assessment involves epidemiological, comparative and corporate methods to describe the problems and issues facing a population. Also addressing the provision of and access to services, activities, facilities and amenities, which are needed to respond to these inequalities. The needs assessment will draw on both quantitative and qualitative sources. It should inform Strategy priority setting and decision making which will need to take account of the most effective use of resources, clinical and cost effectiveness and the views of patients, service users and carers. (NHS, 2003) Each needs assessment should address wider needs in addition to health, social care and well-being needs. A good needs assessment should present information on: †¢ Mortality, disability and health-related quality of life; †¢ Education, skills and training; †¢ Income; †¢ Employment and the economy; †¢ Housing; †¢ Physical environment; †¢ Community safety and crime; †¢ Social capital/ civic engagement; †¢ Geographical access. (Welsh Assembly Government, 2003) Factors affecting the health and well-being of communities are; social, economic and environmental factors, health promotion and education, health protection and nutrition, the safety of food, community development and regeneration and sustainable development, inequalities in health and well-being, access to health and well-being services and inequalities in access to such services, the availability of and access to public and community transport, the availability of and access to education, training and employment, the standard and condition of housing. (NHS, 2003) The local authority and local health board must ensure that needs assessment covers: †¢ Children and young people, including young carers; †¢ Disabled people; †¢ Carers; †¢ The needs of core groups identified in legislation, in particular section 17 of the 1989 Children Act; †¢ Vulnerable Adults; †¢ Older people; †¢ Adults with mental health needs; and †¢ Children and young people with mental health needs. This list is not comprehensive but identifies key client groups whose needs should be included in the assessment. (Welsh Assembly Government, 2003) The Health, Social Care Well Being Strategies (Wales) Regulations 2003 also state that Local Authorities (LA’s) and Local Health Boards (LHB) have a duty to co-operate with a wide range of partners during the preparation of the strategy, including: †¢ NHS Trusts †¢ Community Health Councils †¢ County Voluntary Councils †¢ Health Commission Wales †¢ Any private, business, voluntary or other organisations with an interest in the provision of health and well being services. In co-operating with voluntary and other organisations with an interest in the provision of health and well being services, the Local Authority and LHB must include groups and/or organisations representing the interests of patients, service users and carers. The local health board, local authority and the local NHS trust, together with the community health council and the Council for Voluntary Services in Swansea are members of a Strategy Board, created to oversee the production of the Swansea Health, Social Care and Well Being Strategy. (NHS, 2003) To achieve this goal both partners had to undertake a system known as â€Å"Community Profiling†. Community profiling is recognised as a vital stage in planning a service that will meet the needs of a community it serves. Community profiling is a systematic process of collecting, organising and analysing data about a given community and its environment. The analysis of the data collected will allow services to make inferences concerning a particular community’s needs and interests, only then can customised services be designed by selecting the appropriate materials targeted to those inferred interests and needs (Hawtin et al, 1994) Community profiling involves building up a picture of the nature, needs and resources of a community with the active participation of that community. Greer and Hale (2002) suggest that it is a useful first stage in any community planning process, to establish context which is widely agreed. A range of methods are used to enable the community to develop and understanding of itself, these methods combine group working and group interaction techniques with data collection and presentation techniques (Greer and Hale, 2002) The City and County of Swansea has many contrasts. It has large rural areas, a significant urban centre, and areas of wealth and of deprivation. Most of the population is concentrated in the urban areas which are mainly focused on Swansea. The latest estimate of the population of the City and County of Swansea stands at 231,300 (Mid Year Estimate, 2009). Swansea has the third highest population of the 22 Welsh Unitary Authorities, representing almost 8% of the total population of Wales (2,999,300). The 2009 Mid Year Estimates were released by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) on 24 June 2010. The migratory flow is relatively stable. The number of live births for the county has also remained relatively constant at 54.6 per 1,000 females and has generally mirrored the Welsh average at 56.7 per cent. (Office of National Statistics, 2010) Projections for Wales point to a 2 per cent fall in the under-16 age group share of the population and a 2.5 per cent increase in the share of the population of retirement age by 2011. It is likely that this pattern of age will be reflected in the county, an area that already has a lower proportion aged under-16 and higher proportion of people of retirement age than in the UK as a whole. 14.3 per cent of Swansea’s residents can speak Welsh which is lower than the all Wales figure of 26.7 per cent. (Care and Social Services Inspectorate Wales, 2009) The vast majority of the population of Swansea (97.8 per cent) is white. The local black and ethnic minority communities comprise of 2.2 per cent of the population. The largest minority ethnic groups are Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Indian, Chinese and Arabic communities. The number of asylum seekers accommodated by private providers in Swansea in December 2002 was 384, drawn from 40 nationalities with approximately 31 per cent aged between 0-16. Swansea experiences relatively high levels of homelessness. In 1997, 3.2 people per 1,000 population were reported unintentionally homeless and in priority need, compared with a welsh average of 1.5. (Office National Statistics, 2010) Using the health status rankings from 2005/2007, the rate of limiting long-term illness in Swansea was reported as 24.7 per cent. This compares with a welsh figure of 23.3 per cent. The total unemployment rate for Swansea at October 2002 stood at 3.8 per cent compared with the national rate for Wales of 3.6 per cent. The workforce of Swansea is mainly concentrated within the service sector, which accounts for almost 85 per cent of all employees. The city and council of Swansea is the single largest employer in the area with more than 11,500 employees. The lower Swansea Valley was the location of the first Enterprise Zone in the UK and as a result it is estimated that over 8,000 jobs have been created in more than 400 firms. The European Union has now granted Objective 1 status to West Wales and the Valleys. It is anticipated that in excess of  £1.2 billion in grant aid will be attracted to the area over the net five years. (CSSIW, 2009) The Better Swansea Partnership includes Swanseas main public service providers as well as representatives of the voluntary and business sectors. Its purpose is to ensure that decision makers work together to tackle the issues that matter for Swansea. The Better Swansea Partnership has two main roles; As Swanseas Community Strategic Partnership it aims to make Swansea a better place by leading the development and delivery of ‘Shared Ambition is Critical – Swanseas Community Strategy’. This is a strategic role which means ensuring that key plans are delivered and that key partnerships work as effectively as possible; As Swanseas Local Service Board it acts as a problem solver and aims to tackle a small number of service delivery issues. These are typically issues where there is a high number of providers and where citizens may find services confusing and difficult to access. These are also issues which are important to the community but which have proved difficult t o resolve. (City County of Swansea, 2010) The Youth Offending Team is strategically managed through the authority’s Chief Executive who chairs a multi-agency steering group including Police, Probation and health partners. Oversight of the Supporting People Programme has been undertaken by a central Supporting People Planning team with representatives from local housing associations, large service providers, the Probation services and the Local Health Group. The Social Services Department is host to The All Wales Support Unit and has contributed significantly to a number of policy and service initiatives at national and regional levels. The Voluntary sector in Swansea ranges from very small organisations, self-help groups and associations run solely by volunteers to large agencies that employ over 80 members of staff. The Swansea health, social care and well-being strategy group claim there are over 800 voluntary organisations that work within Swansea insisting that they make a vital contribution to the health and well-being of the population as well as the economy of the city. They argue that voluntary sector organisations can tackle needs which may be beyond the capabilities and resources of public sector organisations. Both the Local Authority and the Local Health Board commission a range of services from the voluntary sector to compliment existing statutory services. Family carers also make a considerable contribution to health and well-being by providing an estimated 800,000 hours of care a week in Swansea which has been given an estimated value of 187 million a year. (City County of Swansea, 2010) In relation to this, meeting service user’s needs and addressing their concerns can be implemented by professionals through the use of empowering the service user. Malin (1999) states that empowerment is generally known to constitute a change or gain in power by the service user. Empowerment can be seen as a process of involvement, democracy, consultation, choice and independence for the user. Malin explored the forces that community services could implement to promote empowerment. They argue that user/self advocacy mandates professional/practitioner persuasion, legal and policy imperatives are required. (Malin, 1999) The review found that some people in the City and County of Swansea are served well by Social Services and the prospects of services improving in the future are judged to be promising. The authority has made good progress in children’s services, where there have been improvements in social work practice and in the overall quality of services provided. Child protection services are diligently delivered and there is a wide range of responsive and imaginative family support services. Looked-after children are receiving better services although improvements are needed in their educational attainment. The authority needs to speed up the time taken to complete assessments on children and address the number of children without an allocated social worker. (CSSIW, 2009) Social services for children are led by the Head of Service (child and family) who reports to the corporate director of social services within a discrete social services directorate. The child and family senior management team comprises four principal officers, the safe-guarding children’s coordinator and the business manager. The manager of the multi-agency youth offending services also reports to the head of service. Child and family services share, with adult services principal officers for staff training, personnel and communication and strategic management. Teams for assessment, care management and service provision are located over ten sites within the city of Swansea. There are 378 employees within the children’s division. (CSSIW, 2009) The authority continues to provide directly an extensive range of well-regarded family support services. All referrals for the authority’s family support services go to one source, so that support may best be targeted to the identified need and to avoid duplication. The increasing demand for support services means that it is not always possible to offer the amount of support a family might truly need. There is a continuing tension in family support between early intervention/ prevention and child protection and services have to be offered to families in greatest need. Core services have to be targeted to children on the child protection register or who have recently been de-registered and are sometimes required 2 or 3 times per week. There were concerns at the time of the last review that some families were missing out on services because they did not have an allocated social worker. This has changed somewhat because of the reduction in the amount of unallocated work and because of an easing of requirements for some services – services from the Child and Adolescent Support Team (CAST), community day care and flexi care home support can all now be offered in the absence of continuing case management. CAST provides a range of groups for young people and a considerable amount of their work is with schools; the team can work with the whole family and make links to the children’s education. CAST workers can negotiate with schools to put a package together to keep a child at school or return a child to school. There has been an increase in referrals and PARIS ICT system has assisted in this. CAST team can see the initial assessments on the system and the referral form to the team is self-populating. Social workers and service-users praised the flexi homecare service, in particular, for its speed of response to a request for service. Services’ staff records their involvement with families and the advent of the electronic recording system has meant that social workers can have speedy access to these records. (CSSIW, 2009) Good quality services for children and families are provided by partner agencies and the following are some examples. Barnardo’s runs a Children Matter service in Penlan. This is a tier 2 service, based around parenting and emotional literacy. Swansea Young Families is a tenancy support project, set up by funding from Cymorth and Supporting People Revenue Grant. Three new Flying Start schemes are up and running. This is a combined service with health visitors and includes skills and language development. The authority has 161 approved foster carers providing 305 placements, including short breaks. The One-to-One specialist fostering service has not been as successful as had been hoped and this is being reviewed, alongside all family support and residential services, as part of a new prevention and placement strategy. The authority is still making extensive use of independent fostering and residential placements although it has not formalised any arrangements for preferred purchasing or block contracting. Because of the high demand for foster placements for looked-after children, it is difficult to provide a service for respite care for children in need, where shared care with parents may be an alternative to the children becoming looked-after by the authority full-time. The authority owns and manages three small community homes on sites at Cockett and Blaenymaes, the latter having opened since the last review. Both CSSIW and the authority have had concerns about these establishments, particularly relating to behaviour by young residents, the inappropriate mix of residents, breaches of the statements of purpose and incidents of self-harm by young residents. (Welsh Assembly Government, 2003) The authority does not lose many carers to private agencies; and approaches are made by carers from outside Swansea to join the service because of its reputation for support. There has also been a high profile recruitment campaign which has had some success in recruiting enough new carers to keep overall numbers stable. This needs to be sustained and recruitment further developed to achieve a net increase in both the numbers of carers and the choice and skills they provide. Although the overall percentage of looked-after children in family placements is equal to the Wales average too many children are waiting for respite care or being placed out of the county through lack of local specialist and choice. A review of Children’s Social Services in March/April 2007 concluded that; â€Å"Swansea is a large city, with the diverse range of challenges usually present in such communities. Social services have enjoyed the support of council members including financial support. The authority’s social services have traditionally relied on a staff culture of good professional practice. Like all local authorities it has experienced the growing demands of expectations of vulnerable people in a complex modern society. Like others it has also seen the leach of skilled and experienced staff to the growing service sector and the fragility of the newer inexperienced childcare workforce. The authority has perhaps been slower than some in recognising the impact of these changes. It can no longer rely on culture but must establish robust systems to ensure sound practice and processes. Wherever families live within the city boundary they are entitled to a similar and satisfactory standard of service from the local authority. There is still a core of good staff employed by the authority and they are the key resource for change. They need to e engaged in a process of re-establishing safe and sound childcare services and the previous â€Å"sparkle† which one staff member said had been lost.† (CSSIW, 2009) Social services have benefited from competent management and stronger corporate leadership is now emerging across the council. There are some excellent partnerships, a healthy level of planning capacity and an established business planning culture. Swansea has a major asset in the quality and commitment of its workforce. The authority is strengthening its consultation with service users and has positive plans to modernise its information technology systems. Swansea’s overall strengths, however suggest that a faster pace of change could be achieved in some key areas to ensure that aspirations are more quickly turned into results. References City County of Swansea, (2009). Population Statistics for Swansea. {Online} Available: http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=28567 City and County of Swansea (2010) Better Swansea Partnership. {Online} Available:http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=11034 Communities and Local Government (2004) Community Involvement and Planning: The Governments Objectives. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister CSSIW (2009) Review of Children’s Social Services in the City and County of Swansea. Cardiff: Care and Social Services Inspectorate Wales Greer, Roger C. and Martha L. Hale, (2002) â€Å"The Community Analysis Process.† Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Hart, M (1998) Sustainable Measures. West Hartford: Subject Matters Hawtin et al, (1994). Community profiling: auditing social needs. Buckingham: Open University Press Local Vision, (2008) Developing and Delivering Community Strategies: Statutory Guidance from the Welsh Assembly Government. Cardiff: Community Strategies Malin, N (1999) Community care for nurses and the caring professions. Buckingham: Open University Press National Health Service, (2003) Health, Social Care and Well-being Strategies (Wales) Regulations. Swansea: National Health Service Trust Office for National Statistics, (2010) Mid-Year Population Estimates – 2009.. London: UK Statistics Authority Welsh Assembly Government (2003) Health, Social Care and Well-Being Strategies: Preparing a Strategy. {Online} Available:http://wales.gov.uk/dhss/publications/health/strategies/wellbeingstrategy/preparinge.pdf

Genetic Screening :: Science Genes Biology Papers

Genetic Screening What is genetic screening? Health care is becoming more and more of a concern today as the profession is constantly creating new procedures and what we hope are better ways to administer care. How would things be, though, if patients could be told beforehand what diseases they are likely to contract in the future? This is where genetic screening comes into play. Genetic screening is the ability to examine the genetic code for possible defects and the consequences thereof. What is a genetic disease? Professor Kare Berg of the University of Oslo describes genetic diseases as "†¦(including) diseases caused by a mutant gene at a single locus (Mendelian diseases), disorders caused by numerical or structural chromosomal anomalies, and diseases or malformations caused by the action of several genes or by interaction between genes and environmental factors" (1996). How can we test for these defects? Most often, a simple blood test can supply enough DNA to perform a thorough examination. Researchers are also developing new ways to test the genes of the unborn. For example, a new test in Korea extracts eggs from the mother and brings them to maturity. The eggs are then fertilized with the husband’s sperm and allowed to divide once or twice. A cell is then removed from each group and tested for known genetic diseases. University of California at San Francisco professor Yuet Wai Kan has developed a way to test an unborn baby’s blood without the use of amniocentesis. A blood sample is taken from the mother and immature red blood cells from the fetus are separated. Kan’s team can then run tests on these immature red blood cells. The procedure is said to be tedious but does not require expensive equipment or the costly time of an obstetrician, not to mention the pain that can accompany amniocentesis. Social, Economic, and Moral Issues Science is constantly seeking new uses for what we learn from genetics. Not everyone, however, is in favor of such findings. There are many things to consider as we put what we learn about genetics out for the world to see. How and when are these tests to be performed? Should they be performed? Who has the right to see the results of these tests? Who has the right to suggest such testing? Genetic tests and their results can have serious consequences on the lives of people tested and those who surround them. For instance, if employers know of an applicant who is susceptible to a deadly disease, they could most likely refrain from hiring the individual and save themselves trouble down the road. Genetic Screening :: Science Genes Biology Papers Genetic Screening What is genetic screening? Health care is becoming more and more of a concern today as the profession is constantly creating new procedures and what we hope are better ways to administer care. How would things be, though, if patients could be told beforehand what diseases they are likely to contract in the future? This is where genetic screening comes into play. Genetic screening is the ability to examine the genetic code for possible defects and the consequences thereof. What is a genetic disease? Professor Kare Berg of the University of Oslo describes genetic diseases as "†¦(including) diseases caused by a mutant gene at a single locus (Mendelian diseases), disorders caused by numerical or structural chromosomal anomalies, and diseases or malformations caused by the action of several genes or by interaction between genes and environmental factors" (1996). How can we test for these defects? Most often, a simple blood test can supply enough DNA to perform a thorough examination. Researchers are also developing new ways to test the genes of the unborn. For example, a new test in Korea extracts eggs from the mother and brings them to maturity. The eggs are then fertilized with the husband’s sperm and allowed to divide once or twice. A cell is then removed from each group and tested for known genetic diseases. University of California at San Francisco professor Yuet Wai Kan has developed a way to test an unborn baby’s blood without the use of amniocentesis. A blood sample is taken from the mother and immature red blood cells from the fetus are separated. Kan’s team can then run tests on these immature red blood cells. The procedure is said to be tedious but does not require expensive equipment or the costly time of an obstetrician, not to mention the pain that can accompany amniocentesis. Social, Economic, and Moral Issues Science is constantly seeking new uses for what we learn from genetics. Not everyone, however, is in favor of such findings. There are many things to consider as we put what we learn about genetics out for the world to see. How and when are these tests to be performed? Should they be performed? Who has the right to see the results of these tests? Who has the right to suggest such testing? Genetic tests and their results can have serious consequences on the lives of people tested and those who surround them. For instance, if employers know of an applicant who is susceptible to a deadly disease, they could most likely refrain from hiring the individual and save themselves trouble down the road.

Some Factors That Lead to Success in College

Several factors contribute to school success. A person's experience with education early in life has a great influence on school success later on. It is vital that infants and toddlers have access to quality education from day one. The socioeconomic status in which one is raised has an immense effect on school success. Wealthier children have access to greater, high-quality facilities and resources while poorer children often lack the basic necessities such as proper nutrition and quality education. It is important to note that each child also contributes their own contributions to their success in school. There are cases of people who rose out of extreme poverty to achieve great academic success. Exceptional Teachers Exceptional teachers provide students with maximum encouragement, motivation, challenges and belief in themselves. Teachers who believe their students are capable of the classwork help create a self-fulfilling prophecy. The student will begin to hold the same belief of themselves and act on it. It is therefore vital that teachers, parents and caregivers send the right message to students. Students need to know that their teachers, parents and caregivers believe in them and that they are capable of academic success. Exceptional teachers create a classroom culture of high expectations. They do not hold preconceived notions about particular students but believe that all of their students are capable of reaching academic success. Parental Involvement Parental involvement is extremely important to a students academic success. Children spend most of their time at home and the environment a student comes from determines their start of academic success. If a student's home is rich in books, that early exposure to literacy will usually mean a student starts reading early. Parents who are actively involved in their children's education ensure that their children are doing their homework. They also encourage their children to perform well in school and speak to them about the importance of receiving an education. When parents show an interest in their children's education this in turn sparks an interest in their children to learn. Self-Motivation Intrinsic motivation or self-motivation is another important element leading to school success. Self-motivation assumes that we are all born with the capability to learn and that learning can be an enjoyable process. Students who are self-motivated have disciplined themselves to concentrate on a task for the mere result of learning and mastering the needed skill. Students become self-motivated for many reasons. For some being self-motivated to achieve academic success will help them rise out of poverty, for others it will allow them to get into a specific college or receive an academic scholarship. Students who have a high self-esteem have a strong sense of self-motivation as they believe they are capable of academic success. Nutrition Students who eat breakfast regularly perform better academically than those who do not. Poor nutrition can have consequences such as cavities, obesity, weak bones and teeth, as well as delayed sexual maturity. Poor nutrition is defined as not eating the recommended daily servings of fruits, vegetables, and grains. Parents and teachers need to play close attention to the types of foods children eat as lack of vitamins can have severe consequences. Hobbies Self-esteem and social skills can be taught simply by encouraging students to take part in a hobby. By encouraging students to take part in a hobby builds competence in a certain skill. A hobby also allows students to build a sense of identity. Hobbies also keep a student from becoming bored. Hobbies also leave room for students to receive praises for their achievements. Read more: Factors That Lead to School Success | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/about_5387053_factors-lead-school-success. html#ixzz1Uc85N1gw

Baba and Nyonya Culture

HISTORY OF BABA & NYONYA Peranakan and Baba Nyonya in chinese ( / baba niang re) are terms used for the descendants of late 15th and 16th-century Chinese  immigrants to the Nusantara region during the Colonial era. In both  Malay and  Indonesian, ‘Peranakan’ is defined as ‘descendant’ with no connotation of the ethnicity of descent unless followed by a subsequent qualifying noun, such as for example  Cina  (Chinese),  Belanda(Dutch) or  Jepang/Jepun  (Japanese). Baba  is a Persian loan-word borrowed by  Malaysian as an honorific solely for grandparents; it was used to refer to the Straits-Chinese males.Female Straits-Chinese descendants were either called or styled themselves  Nyonyas. The word  nyonya  (also commonly misspelled  nonya) is a  Javanese  loan honorific word from Italian  Nona  (grandma) meaning: foreign married Madam. Language The language of the Peranakans,  Baba Malay (Bahasa Melayu Baba), is a  creole dialect of the  Malay language (Bahasa Melayu), which contains many  Hokkien words. It is a dying language, and its contemporary use is mainly limited to members of the older generation. Culture 1. ClothingThe Nyonya’s clothing was identical to that of the native Malay’s: baju panjang (long dress), batik sarung (batik wrap-around skirt) and kerongsang (brooch). Beaded slippers called  Kasut Manek  were a hand-made made with much skill and patience: strung, beaded and sewn onto canvas with tiny faceted glass beads from  Bohemia (present-day  Czech Republic). 2. Religion Baba Nyonya subscribed to Chinese beliefs: Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism, celebrated the  Lunar New Year and the  Lantern Festival, while adopting the customs of the land they settled in, as well as those of their colonial rulers.There are traces of Portuguese, Dutch, British, Malay and Indonesian influences in Baba culture. A certain number of Baba Nonya families were and st ill are, Catholic. 3. Food From the Malay influence a unique  Ã¢â‚¬ Nyonya† cuisine has developed using typical Malay spices. Examples are Chicken Kapitan, a dry chicken  curry, and Inchi Kabin, a Nyonya version of fried chicken.. Swikee Purwodadi is a peranakan dish from  Purwodadi, it is a frog soup dish. INTRODUCTION TO BABA & NYONYA WEDDING The wedding ceremony of the Peranakan is largely based on Chinese tradition, and is one of the most colourful wedding ceremonies in Malaysia and Singapore.The traditional Peranakan wedding is a 12-day affair which is usually carried out in the bride's house, where ceremonies like the Lap Chai (exchange of gifts) and Cheo Thau (coming of age) are carried out. The Cheo Thau ceremony is one of the most important ceremonies and marks the first occasion when the bride and bridegroom will wear their authentic wedding robes. The actual wedding ceremony will only take place before noon that day, after the Cheo Thau ceremony. Next, follow s the Chim Pang ceremony which marks the first meeting between the couple where the bride would lead the groom into the bridal chamber where he would unveil her.Together they would be served tea and a bowl of kueh ee – small white and red dumplings in a sweet broth. The third ceremony takes place in the bridal chamber. This is called Chia Sia. This ceremony is amusing and unique because friends and guests of the bridegroom would gather in the room and tease the bride with the hope of inducing laughter from the bride. The finale of the wedding ceremony, would be the â€Å"dua belas hari† or Twelfth Day ceremony, where the marriage would be confirmed and approved by proof of the bride's virginity.Firstly, the bride's parents would invite the bridegroom's mother to inspect a handkerchief (known as aBim Poh) collected from the wedding bed. The handkerchief will be placed on a tray and presented to the bridegroom's mother for inspection, where she would be invited to perfor m a test by squeezing lime juice on the handkerchief in hope of ascertaining the authencity of the stain. Exchanging of gifts between both the family. Gorgeous hand embroidered beaded shoes (kasut manik)

Free Essays on Sioux Wars

The Sioux and Tribal war War as many people have thought, didn’t start with the white man coming to America. War is a way of life. War has been going on among tribes for, as long as there have been people. Among the American Indians the Sioux were the most feared of all tribes, Probably because the Sioux were the largest tribe. The Sioux consisted of four main branches the Teton, Santee, Yankton, and the Yanktonaj. Those four branches were also broken up into different groups. Unlike modern wars these wars were fought in hand-to-hand combat often resulting in a bloody battle. There were also no rules to follow, so there was nothing ethical about any thing that they did. From the story in the book of The Singing Spirit called, In the Name of His Ancestor. It talks about a story of two tribes, the tribe of the Rock River country and the Sioux. The two tribes had been fighting for a long time then finally the Sioux offered a peace treaty. But when the Rock River elders arrived at the Sioux camp the elders were all brutally murdered and scalped. But one of the sons escaped and returned home. He set up a war party to get revenge and he did. Some of the most famous battles in history were fought by the Sioux. The Grattan affair, the Minnesota uprising, the war for the Bozeman trail, The war for the black hills and the most famous of all was the battle at wounded knee The most famous chiefs or Indian leaders in history were Sioux. The Most famous were Spotted tail, Red cloud, Sitting Bull and Crazy horse. In conclusion the Sioux were great warriors that left a big dent in the history books.... Free Essays on Sioux Wars Free Essays on Sioux Wars The Sioux and Tribal war War as many people have thought, didn’t start with the white man coming to America. War is a way of life. War has been going on among tribes for, as long as there have been people. Among the American Indians the Sioux were the most feared of all tribes, Probably because the Sioux were the largest tribe. The Sioux consisted of four main branches the Teton, Santee, Yankton, and the Yanktonaj. Those four branches were also broken up into different groups. Unlike modern wars these wars were fought in hand-to-hand combat often resulting in a bloody battle. There were also no rules to follow, so there was nothing ethical about any thing that they did. From the story in the book of The Singing Spirit called, In the Name of His Ancestor. It talks about a story of two tribes, the tribe of the Rock River country and the Sioux. The two tribes had been fighting for a long time then finally the Sioux offered a peace treaty. But when the Rock River elders arrived at the Sioux camp the elders were all brutally murdered and scalped. But one of the sons escaped and returned home. He set up a war party to get revenge and he did. Some of the most famous battles in history were fought by the Sioux. The Grattan affair, the Minnesota uprising, the war for the Bozeman trail, The war for the black hills and the most famous of all was the battle at wounded knee The most famous chiefs or Indian leaders in history were Sioux. The Most famous were Spotted tail, Red cloud, Sitting Bull and Crazy horse. In conclusion the Sioux were great warriors that left a big dent in the history books....

Kylie Masshardt Essays (1647 words) - Education, Free Essays

Kylie Masshardt Essays (1647 words) - Education, Free Essays Kylie Masshardt Period 5 Mrs. Stephens 22 February 2017 How Standard is Standardized Testing Standardized testing costs billions of dollars a year while inaccurately measuring students' performance based on unfair and biased standards; This has not only caused the value of American education to decrease, but also cause the rise of the "creativity crisis" in the uprising American population. Although standardized testing allows students from across the country to be equally evaluated, many studies and test have proven that student's health, the value of teachers, as well as the student's future have been affected by these costly tests. All standardized tests are playing with what the creators of the test think is a "standard" and testing all students across America with the exact same questions. As standardized test become more prominent in the American school systems, the lack of individuality and creativity of students increases, "A 2010 college of William Mary study found Americans' scores on the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking have been dropping since 1990[] the blame [is] on the increase in standardized testing" (standardizedtests.procon.org). This is only one affect standardized tests have had on student's future. Furthermore, an excessive amount of testing may teach children to be good at taking tests, but does not prepare them for productive adult lives. Time spent on teaching students "proper" test taking strategies, could be better well spent by teaching students the importance of voting, how to do taxes, as well as how to properly manage money; All things that will prepare Americas future generations to be well-rounded citizens. An article on the pros and cons of standardized testing states," Standardized testing has not improved student achievement" (standar dizedtests.procon.org). In 2002, after the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act was passed, the US slipped from 18th in the world on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) to 31st place in 2009(standerdizedtests.procon.org). Again, proving that not only are these standardized tests failing to prepare students for the future, but also showing no improvement amongst the students' scores. Ultimately, there has been no evidence to prove that test incentive programs are working on benefiting students, their future, or education in general. The billion-dollar testing industry is notorious for making costly and time-consuming scoring errors, costing hard-working Americans billions of dollars in tax payer money. An article on standardized testing states, " NCS Pearson, which has a 254 million dollar contract to administer Florida's Comprehensive Assessment Test, delivered the 2010 results more than a month late" (standardizedtests.procon.org). Rather than spending the billions of dollars on ensuring students a fair and equal opportunity to have a valued education, billions of dollars are wasted on fixing the errors of companies such as Pearson. In 2009, Obama's Race To the Top initiative was signed into law, inviting states to compete for 4.35 billion dollars in extra funding based on the strength of their students test scores. This competition led teachers to help students, as young as 3rd grade, to cheat on these tests in order to receive this extra funding, " [] had students whose test papers showed high number of wron g-to-right ratios" ( Background of the issue, James Wallan). Teachers act as model for their students, and helping their students cheat to receive this extra funding is teaching young kids bad habits. In conclusion, each year billions of dollars are wasted on correcting the mistakes of large corporate companies when grading the standardized test, and when incentives are instilled, teachers are teaching their students that it is okay to cheat. Teachers prepare their students for these standardized tests all year long, and as the testing day approaches students become frantic and begin to develop testing anxiety. Around 16-20% of students, in a 2016 study, reported that they had high-testing anxiety before their tests, while 18% stated they had moderate-testing anxiety, making this the most prevalent scholastic impairment in the American education system. Not only are standardized tests causing unnecessary anxiety on students as young as third grade, but also robbing children of their childhood. Super-attendants, principals, and teachers have become fixated on preparing their students to ace these tests, they have begun replacing recess time with preparation activities for these tests. Recess plays a large role in the early development of

Rambling and Run On Sentences

Rambling and Run On Sentences Rambling or run-on sentences are sentences that contain several independent clauses in a row, to the point that they sound clumsy and exhausting. In case you need to review, an independent clause is a phrase that could be a whole sentence on its own: I like eggs for breakfast.My sister prefers pancakes. Each of the phrases above can stand as a sentence on its own, but if you wrote them (and others) this way in an essay, the overall message would sound choppy. I like eggs for breakfast. But my sister prefers pancakes. So our mom makes both. And we can each have what we want. To keep our writing from sounding too choppy, we can connect sentences to become two or more independent clauses in a single sentence. These are correctly connected by a coordinating conjunction. I like eggs for breakfast, but my sister prefers pancakes. Our mom makes both, so we can each have what we want. See how that sounds better? They do sound better, but we have to be careful not to overdo it! We cant put too many independent clauses in one sentence, or we have our run-ons or our rambling sentences. Tip You can remember the coordinating conjunctions by memorizing the word FANBOYS.F forA andN norB butO orY yetS so Rambling Sentences A rambling sentence may appear to follow the technical rules of grammar in places, but the sentence just sounds wrong because the thought rambles from one topic to another. The passage below is a single sentence that contains many independent clauses: I was happy to walk down the aisle as a bridesmaid in my sister’s wedding, but I was very embarrassed when I stumbled in the middle of the ceremony, for when I recovered, I looked up and saw my sister and I thought she was going to faint, because I could see her standing in the doorway waiting to begin her own walk down the aisle, and her face was all white, she looked like she was going to throw up. Much of this looks correct  because the various clauses are connected correctly (except one comma splice). Don’t hesitate to break up sentences that ramble: I was happy to walk down the aisle as a bridesmaid in my sister’s wedding. However, I was very embarrassed when I stumbled in the middle of the ceremony, especially when I recovered. I looked up and saw my sister and I thought she was going to faint. I could see her standing in the doorway, waiting to begin her own walk down the aisle. Her face was all white and she looked like she was going to throw up! Run-On Sentences In a run-on sentence, the clauses are not properly connected with correct punctuation  or coordinating conjunction.   Problem: Every time I go to the grocery store I run into the same girl her name is Fran and she is a friend of my cousin.Solution 1: Every time I go to the grocery store, I run into the same girl; her name is Fran, and she is a friend of my cousin.Solution 2: Every time I go to the grocery store, I run into the same girl. Her name is Fran, and she is a friend of my cousin. See how the solutions improve the sentence? Problem: I try not to use pens that tend to leak Ive lost a few backpacks because of leaky pens.Solution 1: I  try not to use pens that tend to leak. Ive lost a few backpacks because of leaky pens.Solution 2: I  try not to use pens that tend to leak, yet Ive lost a few backpacks because of leaky pens.

Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Samsung - Essay Example The company which always prided in its expertise to customize the product according to the needs of the customer has indeed come a long way from its formative years. The importance it gives to the quality is reflected in the fact that the flawed memory chips worth tens of millions of dollars are burnt in the open field to remind the employees of the belief customers place in their company. It has won several awards for quality during the periods 1995 - 2003 from fiercely competing companies too, which is a hallmark of sorts. The strategies it employed in bringing out the best of its engineers were a novelty then and the same strategies are now implemented across the globe to repeat the same success story Samsung had written. The company is the leading supplier of memory cards to PCs, digital cameras, game players and other electronic devices. Its primary focus was on the memory chips category which has had its own fluctuations over a period of 2 decades. There were established player s in the market like Infineon Technologies, Elpida, Micron Technology, Hynix, etc. Most of these companies were as a result of alliances with Global giants like Intel, Siemens, Toshiba and Hyundai. Samsung too acquired technology from Micron on 'cash for technology' basis. It then implemented a unique internal competition for advancements of its acquired technology. ... It graduated to the frontline companies in this category and soon toppled Hitachi as the number one producer of memory chips. The presence of Samsung's main R&D facility in one location, south of Seoul, helped save a substantial amount in construction costs. The development of Samsung's memory chips division closely follows the Porter Diamond model in that the location, available raw materials and labor are crucial factors for comparative advantage. The high employee morale that has been its strength right from its birth has ensured its position stay perched at the top firmly for decades. Samsung was also responsible for 22% of all of South Korea's exports in 2004 and was a major contributor in the $22.1 billion worth semiconductor exports from South Korea. It also represented 23% of the total market value on the Korean Stock Exchange. With this kind of economic impact on the nation, it is important from both the Government's and the company's view, that it sustains the growth level. The net revenue over a period of two decades is as follows. It shows the fluctuations in the market which needs to assessed in fine detail to ensure its leadership positioning in the market. Twice in seven years, there was a dip in profits which is a reflection of the growing competition and emphasizes the need to take appropriate measures to maintain the projected growth rates. It also stresses on the need to work on the rapidly changing technology segment. Its present focus is on the flash memory segment, which looks poised for growth in the coming years but the existing competitors have already captured a major chunk of the market. Samsung has been in the race in inventing itself according to the needs of the customer base, but the entry of Chinese companies will make it more

How buyer behaviour is used in the context of marketing Essay

How buyer behaviour is used in the context of marketing - Essay Example Firstly the study provides the information about the number of prospective buyers residing in a particular region. Secondly the study helps to understand the demographic and psychographic features of the buying population. Thirdly the study confirms the tastes of the consumers in relation to choosing and consuming different products. Fourthly it analyses the responses of the consumer to the different types of promotions carried on by the company. Fifthly it also endeavors to understand the responses of the consumers to change in the price structure of goods and services produced. Sixthly it helps in highlighting the desires of the consumers in making repeat visits to a certain stores located at particular localities (Malhotra, 2008, p.45). The behaviors of the customers can essentially be grouped under four categories. Firstly the products, which are cheaply available to the consumers, like snacks and cold drinks are almost bought by the consumer amounting from impulse and owe little to decision-making actions. Secondly the consumers while purchasing products from a known category often take little decisions regarding its brands and market value. However in the third case the consumers when purchasing products of high economic value and belonging to niche categories makes a lot of decisions (D’Souza, 2009). ... Estimates made show that on a weekly basis around 21 million customers pay their visit to the stores of the company located in United Kingdom. The products offered by the company are generally of high class and render the best quality to the different classes of consumers in the region. The products offered by the company belong to categories like women’s and men’s wear. Marks and Spencer which specializes in the women wear market also is expanding its share in the retail market by moving over to other categories like children wear and home furnishings. The company operates based on a total number of 600 stores based along the region of United Kingdom. (Marks and Spencer, 2011). Understanding Buyer Behavior in Retail Management The process of understanding the behavior of the consumers in the context of retail management can be subdivided along three essential fields of study. Firstly the retailer must make an analysis of the marketing segments to which it desires to of fer its products and services. Secondly after segmenting the particular market the retailer must understand the process of targeting the prospective customers. Thirdly the retail operations of a company earn success in their strategy of positioning themselves in the light of the large number of competitors targeting the said market. The process of marketing segmentation in the context of retail management signifies the identification of those consumers to which the retailer desires to offer its products and services. The retail company also focuses to design its marketing programs, which aim to serve the consumers identified in the above context. Herein, the retail company also decides

Direct and digital marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Direct and digital marketing - Essay Example st 10 years, usage of this technique has increased and the cause of this increase is; lower capabilities of mass marketing in targeting and segmentation of relevant audience as compared to direct marketing and technological advancement (Nash, Sabin, & Kornbluth, 2000).Direct marketing is about reaching directly to existing and potential customers. Direct marketers do marketing of their products by making phone calls and by sending e-mail messages. Direct marketing is always about using aggressive tactics. Direct marketers’ objective is to contact, place, offer, and make incentive-based information available to target markets (Chiang, Chhajed, &Hess, 2003). It is different from other marketing methods because direct marketers target selected individuals for sending information related to product and its new offerings and these people will be the respondents. Responses can be an inquiry, purchase, or referrals (Keilhacker, 2000).Dell Computers, Readers Digest, Amazon, Credit, an d Charge Card Companies and Time-Life Books are examples of direct marketing (Bird, 2007). Technological advancement is not a new chapter and is known by every organization and marketers. With the change of time and technology, marketing activities has also been changed. Technological advancement has a great impact on marketing activities. Direct marketing has become digital marketing, and people are much aware of their required products’ availability than ever. Everybody has access to the internet through personal computers, mobiles, tablets, and laptops. Customers can access their required information from anywhere in office, home, either outside of the country or even in far more villages. Direct marketers have an immediate response from their customers due to technological advancement. Credit and card charge companies are examples of advanced direct marketing; for example, when people make a purchase through cards their transactions are completed through the mail and the relation

Epstein-Barr Virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Epstein-Barr Virus - Research Paper Example the presence of a virus in the cultured specimen and the three published their discovery the same year with the development of antibodies and mononucleosis taking place later. Consequently, the three scientists were able to observe the development of antibodies to the virus (Robertson 18). Perhaps the most common relationship of EBV with any other virus is in relationship to the TTV. In this case, the relationship regards the association between these two viruses and their infection of B-cell lymphoma and the Hodgskin lymphoma (Figueiredo et al. 736). In line with this, an increase in the tolerance of contagion within the first 48 hours of infection with the virus called herpes simplex indicates a demonstration of the conversion of EBV. In effect, this phenomenon implies that it is feasible to have TTV and EBV viruses in the same B cell (Figueiredo 736). Medical practitioners point out that Epstein-Barr is one of the most common infections that affected human beings. In line with this, experts suggested that the infection affected approximately 95% of the adult population by the time that they reached 40 years of age. In effect, this implies that the disease can affect any individual despite their geographical location and almost the entire world’s population has once suffered the disease. Nonetheless, most incidents of Epstein-Barr do not indicate the presence of symptoms in a person. In addition, an incidence of the infection puts an individual at a risk of mononucleosis with approximately 35-40% of those infected likely to develop this condition (Schueler, Beckett, and Gettings). A series of a standardized process characterizes the progression of EBV. First, EBV attacks the B-cells at the point of CR-2 (CD 21) while using the glycoprotein (GP 350/220). However, it could also attack the epithelial cells that do not possess the CD 21. This affects the epithelial cells that infect the Blymphocyte resulting to the latency stage. The cells infected exhibit

The Role of Hong Kong in International Trade Research Paper - 1

The Role of Hong Kong in International Trade - Research Paper Example   The greatest financial activity in Hong Kong is international trade and its government policies in terms of trade demonstrate its position as a hub for free trade. These policies comprise of minimum constraints and permit the market dynamics to standardize exportation and importation activities. It thus prohibits protective actions such as tariffs and rations as well as subsidizations as a method of circumventing deficits that may be experienced in balances-of-trade. â€Å"Much of the impetus driving the changing patterns of global trade since 1950 can be attributed to the role played by transnational corporations which are sometimes called multinational corporations†. Development of Hong Kong’s import and export industry.The activities associated with the import and export industry can be categorized as imports, domestic exports and re-exports and Hong Kong have embraced a free trade policy while erecting limited barriers to trade. â€Å"Adopting pro-export policy promoting exports through tax breaks, subsidies, and tariffs, and at the same time discouraging imports through taxes, duties, or quotas, is a common practice among emerging markets and developing nations†.There is no imposition of tariffs in Hong Kong in regard to importing and exporting goods, and the licensing requirements are maintained at a minimum. The imposition of licensing only takes place in the event that there is a genuine need for meeting obligations that are undertaken by Hong Kong to its partners in trade.

Epstein-Barr Virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Epstein-Barr Virus - Research Paper Example the presence of a virus in the cultured specimen and the three published their discovery the same year with the development of antibodies and mononucleosis taking place later. Consequently, the three scientists were able to observe the development of antibodies to the virus (Robertson 18). Perhaps the most common relationship of EBV with any other virus is in relationship to the TTV. In this case, the relationship regards the association between these two viruses and their infection of B-cell lymphoma and the Hodgskin lymphoma (Figueiredo et al. 736). In line with this, an increase in the tolerance of contagion within the first 48 hours of infection with the virus called herpes simplex indicates a demonstration of the conversion of EBV. In effect, this phenomenon implies that it is feasible to have TTV and EBV viruses in the same B cell (Figueiredo 736). Medical practitioners point out that Epstein-Barr is one of the most common infections that affected human beings. In line with this, experts suggested that the infection affected approximately 95% of the adult population by the time that they reached 40 years of age. In effect, this implies that the disease can affect any individual despite their geographical location and almost the entire world’s population has once suffered the disease. Nonetheless, most incidents of Epstein-Barr do not indicate the presence of symptoms in a person. In addition, an incidence of the infection puts an individual at a risk of mononucleosis with approximately 35-40% of those infected likely to develop this condition (Schueler, Beckett, and Gettings). A series of a standardized process characterizes the progression of EBV. First, EBV attacks the B-cells at the point of CR-2 (CD 21) while using the glycoprotein (GP 350/220). However, it could also attack the epithelial cells that do not possess the CD 21. This affects the epithelial cells that infect the Blymphocyte resulting to the latency stage. The cells infected exhibit

How can inequality undermine the development of a country Essay - 1

How can inequality undermine the development of a country - Essay Example ir contribution to the growth process while the latter â€Å"provides explicitly the growth path subject to technical change due to division of labor†. They posited that scientific, technical and commercial specialization occurs due to the division of labor. Labor is also of the factors that affects economic growth as mentioned by Lindsey (1997). Aside from the growth rate of capital stock, the quantity and quality of labor, and the improvements in the way capital and labor are used are important determinants of economic growth, said Lindsey (1997) further. Adding capital is could imply corporate downsizing and layoff hence it is better to examine labor as factor of growth (Lindsey, 1997). The laborers are humans; they are beings with various social connections and thus, they also have the one referred to as social capital. The process of norm creation leads to cooperation among groups and this makes them related with virtues such as honesty, maintenance of commitments, fulfillment of duties, and reciprocities (Castano, 2007). The effects of social capital to the economic growth have been studied by Castano (2007) through the following sources: family, associations, informal links, links in the workplace and the State. In these social connections, trust networks are also made giving rise to reciprocity among members, contributing to one’s social capital (Castano, 2007). Castano (2007) noted a positive effect of social capital to the economy in the family and associations network when mobilize their financial resources to create companies or keep them running. Transaction costs can be also reduced by social capital since this could alleviate some costs required by a legal norm as said by Castano (2007). As for the State, Castano (2007) mentioned three of its important roles that lead or promote social capital generation and these are the following: regulating the legal framework, promoting associative activities, and providing public education. The endogenous

Breakfast at Tiffanys Essay Example for Free

Breakfast at Tiffanys Essay The movie begins appropriately with the lead Holly Goligthly having breakfast outside of Tiffany’s in New York and already that sets the tone of the whole movie. She’s dressed in a black Givenchy dress and her hair resembles something of a pineapple. She is looking in to the store and we see her perfectly polished reflection in the well-polished windows. Appropriately I say, since the title says just that, Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Even though is seems unimportant, just a title, Tiffany’s plays a central role throughout the movie but not just as a location for several of the scenes. It represents everything Holly wants and doesn’t seem able to get or allow herself to want. Holly as a character is a very intriguing creature. Her quirkiness and seemingly free-spirit leaves me wanting to emulate her, doing my hair and make-up in the same way and act like she does. It’s not until the middle of the movie when I realize that under that perfect exterior lays a very broken and confused spirit. The ideas of the perfect and glamorous feel of Tiffany’s are nouns Holly tries to apply to herself. The presumed shallowness of the sales people and the expensive merchandise makes me understand that for her, money and the played identity of Holly Golightly, controls her life. It leaves me with a sense of longing to understand this complex personality and question was lies beneath the surface. It becomes clearer throughout the film that even though it seems very shallow there is a compassion and depth to Holly and so also to Tiffany’s. One of my favorite scenes that clearly represent this is when Holly and Paul Varjak spend a day doing things they have never done before and end up at Tiffany’s. Due to the censorship of the time, the movie was released in 1961, it is never outspoken, but definitely clear what lengths both Holly and Paul, will go for money. In this scene money is not the focus, and the ring from the Kracker Jacks becomes a representation of the humanity in not only Holly but Tiffany’s and even the city of New York. Every decision the director has made in this film is very carefully selected, and even though the details are very subtle at first glance, they all support the idea I believe the film is trying to portray. New York as the big, glamorous city where wealth and beauty seem like a commodity. The belief that anybody can pretend to be what they want, or in Holly’s case, hide what they are. Every detail becomes important. Holly dressing almost exclusively in black but when she thinks she has finally gotten what she want, knits a red dress. Her empty apartment that in that same moment gets decorated and the only reason we know it’s not real is because the cat still has no name. There are so many different layers to this film and I guess that is why it has become a classic. Every time you see it you discover new details or change your mind about the mysterious and ever changing Holly.

Historical Survey of Dental Restorative Materials

Historical Survey of Dental Restorative Materials Historical Survey of Dental Restorative Materials Introduction: Dental restorative material is a biomaterial used to restore the shape and function of damaged or missing tooth (caused by caries or trauma). Restorative materials can be divided into two types depending on whether they are designated to be applied directly to the injured tooth or fabricated in the lab firstly. 1. Direct Dental Restoration: Direct restoration means the usage of dental materials to save injured tooths function. A filling is a way to restore a damaged tooth by decay to recover its function and shape again (1). There are several kinds of materials which are used as filling. The right choice is determined by many factors; such as: extent of required repair, cost, having allergies to specific materials, etc Metallic Fillings: Gold fillings: gold has used as filling material. It is prepared in a laboratory and after that it is cemented into required place. Gold inlays are well compatible by gum tissues. Gold is considered the best filling material because it may last more than twenty years (1). However, gold filling often requires many visits to dentist as well as it is the most expensive choice. The following figure is for tooth with gold filling: Fig. (1): Gold filling Amalgam Fillings: first introduction of amalgam was in the United States in 1830, then this material was developed in both England and France. The amalgam fillings consist of silver, copper, zinc, tin and mercury. After starting of using amalgam as filling, controversy arose because of adding the mercury to fillings. At the beginning, this material is not embraced in the USA by the organized dentistry. In 1840, many members of dental surgeons of the American Society refused to use amalgam as filling material(2). In fact, the amount of mercury which was added to fillings was harmful to the health of patients. The mercury exists in filling may seep into the patients system and lead to a number of health concerns, for example: cancers or multiple sclerosis. Therefore, nowadays a lots of precautions have been taken to be sure that amalgam fillings are safe as possible as for patients (3). Generally, amalgam fillings are resistant to wear and inexpensive. But, according to their dark color, they are not desirable like other filling materials as well as they are not used in visible areas, like front teeth. The following figure is for tooth with amalgam filling: Fig. (2):Amalgam filling Non-metallic Fillings: Resin-Based Composite (RBC) fillings: composite fillings are closely to be the same color of natural teeth and these fillings are used where a natural appearance is required. The components are mixed and then placed directly into the tooth cavity, after that they harden. Actually, many experiences have approved that composites are not the ideal filling for large cavities because they may wear over time. As well, composites may become stained from tobacco or drinks like coffee or tea. They do not last more than three to ten years, however, recent research has suggested that the longevity of resin-based composites could be equally to amalgam (4). The following figure is for tooth with composite filling: Fig. (3):Composite filling Porcelain fillings: these fillings could be inlays or onlays. They are produced to order in a dental laboratory and then bonded to the damaged tooth. Porcelain fillings can be resist staining and matched to the natural tooth color. Generally, porcelain restorations cover most of the tooth. However, the cost of these fillings is similar to gold fillings. Glass-ionomer cements/water-based cements: Self-setting which is pure glass ionomers, or light cured which is resin modified glass-ionomers. Glass ionomer restoratives become popular with dentists because of their adhesive properties as well their ease of handling. They are relatively poor in resistance to moisture. These fillings have adequate compressive strength to be used as core build-up. However, flexural strength and fracture toughness of these materials are low. Therefore glass ionomer cements are suitable to place where there is tooth substance remaining to support the filling material and where resistance could be obtained from tooth tissue. Cermet cements do not supply advantages more than glass ionomers and they usually have poor adhesion to tooth structure(5). In general, the longevity of glass-ionomers is lower than that of amalgam or RBCs (4). Long-term temporary fillings; for example: reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cements (4). 2. Indirect Dental Restoration: Indirect restorations are prepared in laboratory away from the injured tooth. Indirect restorations include inlays which are intracoronal, crowns and bridges that are extracoronal, or onlays which is considered as a combination of intracoronal- extracoronal. Crowns: Crowns could cover all/ partially the surfaces of tooth. After making a decision which restoration should be done for patient, materials and methods should be determined to begin the fabrication (5). Design and Materials Selection for Indirect Restorations: Gold: For more than 4 thousand years, gold has used as a restorative material in dentistry. The first gold fixed bridges were introduced by Romans and then its dental applications have published widely (6). The selection of restoration type and design will depend on the clinical situation details. However, gold is considered as one of the most efficient restorative material especially as extracoronal. Fig 4,5 show Cast gold crown (7,8). Fig (4): Cast gold crown Fig (5): Cast gold crown Advantages Disadvantages Having a hardness which is similar to the normal enamel Gold crown is fabricated by cast process from molten that may sometimes lead to microgaps at margins which are liable to decay Contours of occlusal and axial are built up clearly in the wax Visibly different from the color of natural teeth long-lasting High sensitivity hot/cold Used for complete/partial tooth coverage. long procedures for preparation (cast) and treatment Avoiding problems caused by using dissimilar metals High cost Porcelain: For many years, porcelain has used as a dental restorative material. Porcelain is a brittle material that requires special treatment for surface, such as: etching and silanisation. Porcelain crowns require restriction to anterior teeth excluding some types such as, Empress II, Inceram and Procera which are considered high-strength ceramics. Advantages Disadvantages Strong hardness of porcelain is more than natural enamel, that may cause damaging to the other natural teeth (for example; clench and grind) Natural looking Small thickness makes porcelain brittle and fracture No conductivity of (heat-cold) More reduction of tooth structure should be done Suitable for metal sensitivity-patients Fig 6 shows porcelain crowns (8). Fig (6): porcelain crowns Porcelain metal: Porcelain metal crowns combine between durability strength of the metal, and good aesthetics of the porcelain, Fig.(7): shows porcelain gold crown (8). Fig (7): Porcelain Gold Crown Advantages Disadvantages Comparing with full porcelain it is Stronger more durable Opacity because of the metal base Better aesthetic than full metal Existence of dark metal edge at the gum line Bonding techniques used are less sensitive than techniques used for full porcelain Porcelain and metal base could separate during use Limitation because of metal allergies of some Patients Composites: Recently, Composites are used widely in dentistry according to their high strength, high wear resistance and less expensive than other materials like: porcelain, gold, or zirconia. As well, composites used in onlay/crowns have permanent form stability comparing with other materials (5). However, sometimes a material less wear-resistant is more favorable to be sacrificial to nature. Fig. (8) shows a composite crown (5): Fig (8):A composite crown Table (1) illustrates comparison of materials used for indirect restoration (9): table (1): Comparison of materials used for crown manufacturing Porcelain Porcelain metal Gold alloys Metal alloys Biocompatibility Well tolerated. some patients may show allergenic sensitivity to base metals. Well tolerated. Well tolerated, but some patients may show allergenic sensitivity to base metals. Esthetic natural color translucency limits translucency because of metal. desirable color Durability Brittle Strength is related to bond to underlying. strong durable. High strength toughness Fracture Resistance Weak under tension impact. metal improve the strength. Highly resistant. Wear Resistance Highly resistant, except when porcelain surface becomes rough. Resistant Sensitivity Low thermal conductivity High thermal conductivity Implants: First introduction of dental implants was in the 1960s by Brà ¥nemark. Dental implants are fabricated to replace missing teeth. The chemical and physical properties (composition characteristics of the implant surface and its microstructure, in addition to the design of implant) determine the factors which influence the implant therapy. Many criteria should be achieved such as, strength, biocompatibility, toughness, resistance of wear, corrosion, and fracture. The design principles and the physical properties of the material must be compatible. Table 2 includes materials used to produce dental implants due to their chemical composition (10). Table (2): Chemical composition of implant material Titanium Titanium Alloys: Several metals and metallic alloys including: gold, cobalt chromium, and stainless steel are used to produce dental implants. Last research declare that titanium is the gold standard metal to fabricate dental implants. This material approves long-term survival during experiments (10) and totally inertia to fluids of the mouth (11). Table (3): shows the mechanical and physical properties of biomedical titanium alloys. Table (3): Mechanical and physical properties of biomedical titanium alloys Material Modulus (GPa) Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Elongation (%) Density (g/cc) Type of Alloy Cp Ti grade I 102 240 170 24 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Cp Ti grade II 102 345 275 20 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Cp Ti grade III 102 450 380 18 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Cp Ti grade IV 104 550 483 15 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Ti-6Al-4V- ELI 113 860 795 10 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-6Al-4V 113 930 860 10 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-6Al-7Nb 114 900-1050 880-950 8-15 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-5Al-2.5Fe 112 1020 895 15 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd 94-99 715-919 693-806 18-28 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr 80 911 864 13.2 4.4 ÃŽÂ ² The ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² alloy is the most commonly used for the manufacturing of dental implants. This alloy is made up of 6% aluminum 4% vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) (10). Reports indicate that incidence ranging of titanium implant fracture from 0% to 6%,on the other hand, it is an uncommon occurrence. Fig (9): shows the titanium implant fracture. Fig (9): Titanium implant fracture. Recently, there are some concerns that titanium could evoke an undesirable host reaction; however, little evidence is available about that. Ceramics First introduction of ceramics to dental implants were in the form of coatings onto metal-based implants. They were used to improve osseointegration. Recently, various forms of ceramic coatings have been used for dental implants. Table 4 illustrates ceramic materials used as dental implants (10): Table 4: Ceramic materials used as dental implants Material Chemical Composition Hydroxylapatite (HA) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²,Ca3(PO4)2 Fluorapatite (FA) Ca10(PO4)6F2 Tetracalcium phosphate Ca4P2O9 Calcium pyrophosphate Ca4P2O7 Brushite CaHPO4, CaHPO4 ·2H2O Bioglasses SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P205-MgO, Aluminium oxide Al2O3 Zirconium oxide ZrO2 Zirconia is the most favorable among oxide ceramics according to its excellent mechanical properties. Yttria stabilised tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) materials exhibits high corrosion wear resistance, in addition to its high flexural strength (800 to 1000 MPa) comparing with other dental ceramics (10). An understanding of the bio-mechanical failure modes of zirconia implants is essential so that an optimal zirconia implant design can be developed. Based on more fundamental studies in the biomaterials science field, the physical mechanism of ceramic implant failure can be either chemical and/or mechanical in nature. Mechanical failure can occur either during the surgical placement of the implant or subsequent functional loading. Clinical examples of fracture modes of zirconia implants are shown in fig. 10,11: Fig (10): zirconia implant fractured during surgery Fig (11): zirconia implant fractured after loading. References: 1. Colgate. Oral Care Centre, 2016. Weblog. Available from: http://www.colgate.com/en/us/oc/oral-health/procedures/fillings/article/what-is-a-filling 2. WOLFE B. Energetic Healthcare and Dentistry. Weblog. Available from: http://www.drwolfe.com/dentistry/mercury_fillings 3. The 123 Community Dentist Network. The History of Dental Fillings, 2013. Weblog. Available from: The History of Dental Fillings 4. Report of the meeting convened at World Health Organization. Future Use of Materials for Dental Restoration. Switzerland, 2009. 5.. Restoration of teeth (complex restorations) 6. KNOSP H., HOLLIDAY R. J., CORTI C.W..Gold in Dentistry: Alloys, Uses and Performance,2003. 7. Donaldson J. A. The Use of Gold in Dentistry, AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW. PART I, 1980. 8. RICH M.A Comparison of Dental Crown Materials. Health Centered Dentistry. Weblog. Available from: http://drmartharich.com/resources/a-comparison-of-dental-crown-materials 9.American Dental Association. Oral Health Topics- Dental Materials. Weblog. Available from: http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/dental-materials 10. OSMAN R. B., SWAIN M. V. A Critical Review of Dental Implant Materials with an Emphasis on Titanium versus Zirconia, 2015. 11. CROITORU S. M., MIHAILESCU I. N., POPOVICI I. A. Materials and Technologies Used in Present Dental Implants Manufacturing, 2014.

Ellis Island and American Nationalism Essay -- American History Essays

Ellis Island and American Nationalism Many people have many different opinions of airports. Some people love going to airports and flying all around the country or the world. Others are afraid of airplanes, fearing that the plane will be hijacked. Others like coming into American airports so that they can start a new life. Some think that Arab immigrants are discriminated against when entering the country, but during the early days of American immigration many more were discriminated against. Ellis Island was corrupted with American Nationalism and the fear of the unknown. â€Å"Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land, Here at our sea-washed, sunset-gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome, her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor the twin-cities frame. ‘Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!’ cries she, With silent lips. ‘Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore; Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!† (Lazarus, 1883) These are the words from the poem â€Å"The New Colossus† written by Emma Lazarus. This was the welcome the statue brought; ‘come here and be free, have a home, and a hope for your future.’ This is how many people, both within and outside of the United States, saw the Statue of Liberty, as a symbol of freedom. To the immigrants coming to this country, America was first visible to them in the presence of the 305 foot statue. The message of the Statue of Liberty didn’t need any translations into a... ...med acceptable. Bibliography Allen, Leslie. Liberty: The Statue and the American Dream. Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, New York 1985 Coan, Peter Morton. Ellis Island Interviews. Facts on File, New York 1997 Corsi, Edward. In the Shadow of Liberty. The Macmillan Company, New York 1935 Lankevich, George J. American Metropolis. New York University Press, New York 1998 Lazarus, Emma. The New Colossus. November 2, 1983. Weisberger, Bernard A. Statue of Liberty: The First Hundred Years. American Heritage Press, New York 1985 Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia and Lightman, Marjorie. Ellis Island and the Peopling of America. The New Press, New York 1997 Images from cover of Judge Magazine. March 22, 1890. Private Collection, Paris.

Buddhism (The Buddha)

The Buddha sought to show us how to overcome suffering by attaining Nibbana. Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world today. Its history that now span some two and a half centuries began from the birth of its founder, Prince Siddhartha Gautama. Most scholars agree that Siddharta who became known as Buddha was an actual historical persona. He began the religion and philosophy of Buddhism when he reached Enlightenment in 535 BCE while meditating under a Bodhi tree following his abandonment of the life of luxury (The Buddha).Beliefs and Ethics Central to Buddhism is the understanding of the nature of humans and the causes of human suffering or dukkha. The Buddhists hold the viewpoint that human suffering lays in ignorance, concluding that it is a condition brought about by conflict and stress inherent in human existence and the interaction with the world (Buddhist Ethics 2005). There are various schools of Buddhism such that it has no one bible or sacred texts but instead, a vast collection of authoritative texts from different traditions.Theravada Buddhism has the Tipitaka or Pali canon; Mahayana Buddhism has the Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka, and the Tibetan branch has the Kangyur and Tengyur, among others (Strong, 2008). In sum, the following constitute part of the basic beliefs in Buddhism: A. The Four Noble Truths 1. Life is suffering or dukkha; 2. The origin of suffering is attachment or craving; 3. Attachments can be overcome, and this cessation of suffering is called nirvana; 4. The way to accomplish the cessation of suffering is the Eightfold Path (Boerre).B. The Eightfold Path – consists of eight elements that can be grouped into the three categories, as follows: †¢ Wisdom or prajna – right view and right aspiration or intention †¢ Morals – rights speech; right action and right livelihood †¢ Meditation or samadhi – right effort; right mindfulness, and right concentration (Strong, 2008). C. Karma  œ all of human actions bear consequences within a cycle of human craving and suffering, such that our lives are always conditioned by our past actions (Buddhist Teachings). D.Buddhist ethics or precepts termed as sila – made up of the four conditions of chastity, calmness, quiet and extinguishment. According to the Karmic Law, keeping sila is meritorious and serves as good cause to bring about happy or peaceful effects (Buddhism 2008). E. Rebirth – consciousness continues beyond death, finding expression in another life or reincarnation in the future (Buddhist Teachings). F. Enlightenment – through the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, one is liberated from karma towards Enlightenment, the state of being that transcends suffering (Buddhist Teachings).Customs and Festivals Because there are many schools of Buddhism that have emerged throughout the centuries, the rituals and practices of Buddhists vary according to tradition in different parts of the globe . Significant Buddhist customs include the following: A. Veneration of the Buddha – refers to the honoring of, and meditation, on the qualities of the Buddha. B. Pilgrimage – the main purposes of the pilgrimage to the many Buddhist centers is the fostering of spiritual discipline or the fulfillment of a vow.C. Ordination – the rite of passage of anyone wishing to be a Buddhist monk involves the renouncing of secular life and accepting life in the monastic sangha as a novice (Venerating). Buddhist festivals are important holy days celebrated in various traditions, which include: †¢ Dharma Day, which marks the beginning of the teachings of Buddha; †¢ Losar, the most important Tibetan holiday that marks the New Year (lunar); †¢ Parinirvana, a Mahayan Buddhist holiday marking Buddha's death;†¢ Wesak festival, the most important festival in the Buddhist calendar, celebrates the birthday of Buddha on the full moon of the month of May. Sangha Day th at celebrates the spiritual community (Holy days). The divisions of Buddhism have sometimes been called sects or schools, but in this book I have used the word lineage, as it seems to fit better with Buddhist experience. A Buddhist is one who has taken refuge, and he or she has taken refuge in a specific tradition whose teachers stretch back, or are claimed to stretch back, in an unbroken line or lineage to Shakyamuni Buddha.There is one over-arching principle in the effective spread of Buddhism: skillful means. As Buddhism asks the individual, so it asks a culture: What is it, do you think, that will bring you the most happiness? When it has heard the response, Buddhism says, under its breath, But that will only bring you samsaric happiness, and continues, out loud, That is good, the Dharma can help you. Then, starting from that samsaric desire, it seeks a way of assisting the individual or culture to break out into extra-samsaric joy.Most countries into which Buddhism spread were what we might call low cultures, that is, they had rich local traditions but little sense of nationhood or broad cultural identity, and did not have a national religion or philosophy. Buddhism was able to supply this lack. It provided a Great Tradition perspective, encouraging local customs to coalesce into national polities and incorporating them in a supra-national worldview. The price was the downgrading of the local customs.Indigenous deities were said either to have converted to Buddhism, becoming Dharma Protectors (dharma-pala), or foolishly to have rejected it, thus being demoted to demons. The only country in which this did not happen smoothly was China. It had already developed, in Confucianism and Taoism, sophisticated national systems, and so was not the â€Å"pushover† that, for example, Tibet was. Buddhism had to be more humble as it approached the Chinese, and it has often smelled, to good upstanding Confucians, of foreigners and their nefarious plots.Even so, t he cultural blending was such that Buddhism came to be counted as the third religion of China, and the eirenic phrase ‘The three religions are a harmonious unity’ was coined. No other foreign system, other than Communism, has been able to penetrate Chinese culture so completely. Buddhism says that it can be said that since the human problem is essentially one of ignorance, and since this is a phenomenon that exists in varying degrees of intensity, it is always worth examining any claims to truth.This is especially the case when the Absolute Truth attested by Buddhism is beyond perfect verbalization, for another religious or philosophical tradition, despite apparent conflict of ideas, may actually be trying with different terms to express the same ultimate perception which is enshrined in Buddhism itself. Rival truth claims are, then, not necessarily hostile and the Buddhist should feel it possible to engage in interested discussion with advocates of other ideologies. Fu rther, it is always possible that other religions may be able to suggest useful techniques for the attainment or apprehension of Absolute Truth.Yet the Buddhist knows that the propositions which attempt to approximate Truth must be submitted to the light of the ultimate Buddhist experience, and if they cannot be seen to lead toward this, they are in genuine and decisive conflict with Buddhism. Each religion, then, is open to dialogue, but each presents a touchstone by which authority is to be tested – the experience which suggests the U+016nyatA concept for Buddhism, and for Christianity the experience of God as he expresses himself in Christ.Interestingly enough, this emphasis on a decisive experience or intuition of Truth means that ardent adherents of both recognize the significance of Kierkegaard’s dictum about subjectivity being truth and know that there are important respects in which a man committed to another religious experience may yet understand mine far bet ter than a purely objective observer can ever hope to do. To study and record the observable data of a religious tradition is utterly useless for the purpose of understanding what the religious man considers important about it.Thus the dialogue between Christians and Buddhists may well be more productive of sympathetic understanding (even with strongly affirmed disagreement) than that between either Christians or Buddhists with disinterested social scientists. Resources Strong, John. Experience of Buddhism. Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from Shippensburg University Site: http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/buddhawise. html. Buddhism. (2008, April 7). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:38, April 10, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title= Buddhism&oldid=169957239. Buddhist Ethics and Social Criticism. (Updated 21 June 2005). Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from Image India Site: http://india_resource. tripod. com/buddhism. htm. Buddhist Teachings. Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from bbc. co. uk Site: http://www. bbc. co. uk/religion/religions/buddhism/beliefs/buddhateachings. shtml. Holy Days. Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from bbc. co. uk Site: http://www. bbc. co. uk/religion/religions/buddhism/holydays/.‘Religious text. ’ (2008, October 23). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:44, April 9, 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title= Religious_text&oldid=166613250. The Buddha. Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from bbc. co. uk Site: http://www. bbc. co. uk/ religion/religions/buddhism/history/history. shtml. Venerating the Buddha, Pilgrimage and Ordination. Retrieved 07 Apr. 2008 from bbc. co. uk Site: http://www. bbc. co. uk/religion/religions/buddhism/ customs/customs. shtml.

Non Verbal Body Language

Body Language. It has been said that actions speak louder than words, but, what exactly is body language? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines it as: â€Å"The gestures, movements, and, mannerisms by which a person or animal communicates with others. So, now knowing this definition the phrase â€Å"Actions speak louder than words † starts to make a lot more sense. Even though our body language does not reveal all our innermost thoughts and feelings, it does not mean it is to be ignored. It plays a key role in human communication.Body language simply is communication without words. Therefore it is non-verbal communication. It is the body’s natural language. Over half of our whole message is communicated through our body language. Our verbal message communicated in a conversation is nothing compared to nonverbal message. Your words may sound genuine and you may think your a good liar, but if you have poor body language your conveyor will know right away you are not bei ng genuine. Most body language messages are sent through our face and gestures.On our face, the way the corners of our mouth wrinkle up or down show whether we are happy or sad, how are forehead creases when we are angry, or how are eyes wrinkle when we laugh genuinely are all conveyors of certain messages. The face and the eyes many meanings and can be recognized or decoded easily. Facial expressions are a very important part of communication because they convey the inner workings of emotion. It is widely used by nearly everyone, when trying to strengthen a particular idea or meaning.Some people might not even know they are using it. Body language can be both intended and accidental. That being said our body laguage can contradict wat our verbal or intended message was meant to be. Messages can be passed between people, without any communication being needed. Words are not needed, as the body movements are a language itself, which tells the whole story. It is also used as a form of flirtation between couples, and also is a road people may take to get what they want.Knowing how to read body language is a useful communication skill, so is knowing how to use it. Facial expressions and body language can help give clues as to what people are thinking. We make constant movements every second of the day without realizing it. Trying to read facial expressions can be very hard, because they are so quick. Body language, on the other hand, is more easily read. We are taught some very obvious types of body language, like that someone is lying when they will not look you in the eye, but there are many ore than that.Watching people from a distance, you can usually determine how they feel about each other, whether they are friends, family, or just plain strangers. Body language is something we see everyday that helps us to communicate without words. Body language plays a huge part in many areas of the work industry. One example of this is in the Hospitality industry, especi ally in a bar, restaurant and hotel environment while serving and helping customers and patrons.Another example of body language in a workplace is the type of attitude you may display when being spoken to by a higher ranked individual in any branch of the armed services. Be it Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Gaurd. Let's take the Army for a more specific example. In the Army we have a specific set of rules written in what are known as Army Regulations, and in these regulations it is outlined that we must show our military superiors the utmost respect and follow every one of their lawful orders without question.As i said previously people may express certain non-verbal gestures without meaning to or even without knowing they did. So, for example when a soldiers mind is occupied with other tasks at hand or just not paying attention a much higher ranked individual could make an on the spot correction to the soldier and the soldier being preoccupied could accidentally shrug i t off and show disrespect without meaning to. Now, with that being said, that is by no means an excuse to disrespect a senior enlisted Non-commisioned officer.It is the soldiers duty to correct himself so that another higher ranked individual does not have to stop wat he is doing, such as getting briefed or attending an important huddle and correct the soldier on something as petty and easily avoidable as not wearing his patrol cap outdoors. which is clearly required under army regulation 670-1. Body language in the Army is a very important thing indeed. If you are not careful your accidental gestures can show a great deal of disrespect. ven theings as little as turning away from someone too early or not turning around to acknowldge someone fast enough can be taken in a disrespectful manner. Appearance is another important aspect body language. We use our bodies continuously to send messages and reinforce anything communicated earlier. The way we dress is very important in effective ly communicating. For example, if we someone at a formal event wearing jeans it can send out many mixed messages. For a punk rock star it might say ‘I do not care’ maybe in a good way but for the marketing manager of a firm it might say ‘I do not care’ in a bad way.Clothes are only one aspect of how we dress. Body piercing, excessive or minimal use of perfume, general body odor, and how we wear makeup also give out messages. So in conclusion, non-verbal communication or body laguage is a very important part of our everyday communication and human interaction. It has a huge impact on how we as people are percieved, and, without meaning to one of our habitual gestures, movements, or mannerisms can change the outcome of a conversation and greatly offend your listener. Be careful of your body language it can make or break a conversation.